Portland Cement-The development of modern Portland cement began in 1756, when John Smeaton experimented with combinations of different limestones and additives, including trass and pozzolanas, relating to the planned construction of a lighthouse, now known as Smeaton’s Tower. In the late 18th century, the Roman cement was developed and patented in 1796 by James Parker.

Electromagnet-Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1820 that electric currents create magnetic fields. British scientist William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns of bare copper wire the iron was varnished to insulate it from the winding. The electromagnet made other inventions like the speaker.

Passenger Rail-George Stephenson was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. Renowned as the “father of railways”, Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement. His rail gauge of 4 feet 8 1/2 inches sometimes called “Stephenson gauge” is the standard gauge by name and by convention for most of the world’s railways. Pioneered by Stephenson, rail transport was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century and a key component of the Industrial Revolution.

Matches-The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by English chemist John Walker, a chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known which would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found to transmit the flame to a slow burning substance like wood.